The aim of this tasks are to study the outcome regarding breed and age on egg production additionally the egg exterior and internal top quality during the four Italian dual-objective breeds , at the start and lots of days later than just basic months laying craft one took place, respectively, after june/start of trip and also in winter months, significantly less than adjustable environment standards.
dos.step one. Dogs and you can Rearing Standards
Four Italian poultry types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you can Robusta Lionata (RL), had been considered with the analysis. One’s body lbs off mature women try step one.25 kg in the PP, 2.31 kilogram within the Er and you may step three.05 kg for the RM and RL. Its origin is the Veneto area (Italy): PP is an old local reproduce; its origin are dated back to this new XIX century, but zero exact investigation towards the their hereditary provider can be found. Another breeds are made inside the Veneto for the 1950s: the Er reproduce comes from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you will Rhode Area (brownish eggshell reproduce) breeds, whereas into RM and RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you will Light America, one or two brown eggshell types were utilized . As well as the mature fat, such breeds disagree in their plumage the color: it is wonderful inside the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage was mainly light which have black extremities in lot of countries of your body, black colored feathers off primaries and you can tail and you can RL reveals good tawny plumage that have black feathers out-of primaries and you can tail. All breeds (Shape S1) inform you single brush and you will place tinted eggshell eggs (Profile S2).
dos. Material and techniques
Wild birds out of for each and every reproduce hatched at the same time (second half of age ranch of the Centre getting Poultry Biodiversity Preservation regarding Veneto area (it routinely offers up brand new rearing of them breeds also are you aware that eggs development for incubation and you will brooding), when you look at the North Italy (45°02?53? N), from hatching towards the pubertal many years and you may on the installing period, hence been on avoid off summer with the start of fall (Contour step 1), with respect to the breed. Serving, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis actions were an identical with the five breeds, ever since out of hatching on the stop of the analyzed months, that has been inside the , in the 53 days old. The fresh new newly hatched chicks had been leftover inside in basic 4 weeks out-of life, at the an ecological heat decreasing of thirty two to help you 24 °C, not as much as infra-yellow light lights, towards the litter. At step one.5 months of age, the brand new birds got 100 % free accessibility outdoor areas, of spring season to trip and you may cold weather. For every single reproduce (60 hens) had 100 % free access to outside (5 yards dos /bird) space (armed with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens existed day long, also to interior (cuatro hens/m 2 ) place (timber shavings and you may straw litter, that have perches and you will round feeders), mainly used having putting eggs (cumulative nests) and at night; the space (interior and you will outside) open to for every single reproduce is actually split up by netting.
At the start of putting (at about 22 months of age to the reproduce with prior to onset of putting), for the September–Oct, according to the breed, this new photoperiod is actually absolute and you will coming down, with respect to the year and the geographical standing of your demo route from inside the Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the next months (out of 38 weeks old, away from December so you’re able to 53 days of age), fake white was slowly improved (into the interior space, filament-based bulb, in the 60 lux) to locate a photoperiod away from 14L:10D. The photoperiod was managed of the a timer, and it is attained by switching on the brand new white an hour or so ahead of dawn and shutting off they one hour after sunset. The external environmental temperatures is actually 10 ± 3.4 °C and you will 11 ± step 3.0 °C, correspondingly, toward earliest (right from the start out-of Oct towards the end from November) and the 2nd (from the beginning from January for the stop out-of March) laying episodes, in the event the studies on the give results and egg quality have been amassed. The brand new dogs received ad libitum commercial feeds centered on its mental stage (about three varied commercial nourishes in the growing period). To the very first laying stage (26–33 weeks old, less than coming down natural photoperiod), in the event the breeds been installing, the fresh birds received a professional pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, California = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = nine.1%, Me personally = 13.seven MJ/kg), during the a ratio of 1:step 1. It’s worthy of recalling that, at that years, only the dual-goal and you may shaded eggshell breeds shown an adjustable start of installing and you may eggs manufacturing speed, whereas new hens from the almost every other varieties of this new Maintenance Middle to possess Biodiversity and you can hatched at the same time of your studied breeds, such as the light eggshell types, failed to initiate installing (Padovana reproduce) or it exhibited a very light laying craft (Polverara reproduce), never ever reaching the threshold of ten% hen–date eggs manufacturing. The explanation for the choice of new Conservation Middle, not to fool around with a feed to own putting hens throughout the this era, was because of not pushing the fresh pullets so you can eggs production through the a period that have coming down heat and photoperiod. This new wild birds expanded external, not as much as favourable conditions having skeletal fitness, travelling crushed and you can under solar radiation. On back yard per breed, the presence of yard accessible to the brand new birds is higher during the vackraste kvinnor i Kina increasing several months than from the onset of putting, and this taken place pursuing the summer time, in the event the precipitation is scarce and you can don’t support a great lawn regrowth. Off 38 so you can 53 months old, and you may not as much as increasing photoperiod, the hens was indeed provided a commercial pelleted provide for installing (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes comprised mostly out-of maize and soybean.
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